This post was published in the April 2014 issue of Doors & Hardware
[Click here to download the reprint of this article.]
There has been a lot of publicity about the annual inspections required for fire door assemblies, but we must also be familiar with the inspection and testing requirements for egress doors. These requirements were added in the 2009 edition of NFPA 101 – The Life Safety Code, and are also found in the 2012 edition.
In the 2012 edition of NFPA 101, these inspections are covered in section 7.2.1.15 – Inspection of Door Openings. Inspections of specified egress doors are required not less than annually by NFPA 101 if so stated in chapters 11-43 – the occupancy chapters. The occupancy chapters in this edition which refer to section 7.2.1.15 are:
- Assembly (12.7.1.3, 13.7.1.3)
- Educational (14.7.3.3, 15.7.3.3)
- Day-Care (16.7.3.4, 17.7.3.4)
- Residential Board and Care (32.7.7, 33.7.7)
UPDATE: The following sections have been added in later editions of NFPA 101 (paragraph numbers based on the 2018 edition):
- Hotels and Dormitories (28.7.7, 29.7.7)
- Apartment Buildings (30.7.3, 31.7.3)
- Mercantile (36.7.7, 37.7.7)
- Business (38.7.7, 39.7.7)
- Industrial (40.7.3)
- Storage (42.9.3)
Section 7.2.1.15 also addresses the annual inspection of fire doors (performed in accordance with NFPA 80) and smoke doors (performed in accordance with NFPA 105), for fire doors and smoke doors in all occupancy types.
The egress door inspection and testing requirements do not apply to every door in a facility, but the following doors in the referenced occupancy types must be addressed:
- Door leaves equipped with panic hardware or fire exit hardware in accordance with 7.2.1.7 – panic hardware is required by NFPA 101 for doors in Assembly, Educational, and Day Care occupancies serving an occupant load of 100 or more, but this inspection requirement also applies to other doors that are equipped with panic hardware or fire exit hardware where not specifically required, according to the NFPA 101 Handbook.
- Door assemblies in exit enclosures – typically stairwells and exit passageways.
- Electrically controlled egress doors – electrically-locked doors that are released by a door-mounted release device such as panic hardware with an integral request-to-exit switch.
- Door assemblies with special locking arrangements subject to 7.2.1.6 – includes Delayed Egress Locking Systems (7.2.1.6.1), Access-Controlled Egress Door Assemblies (7.2.1.6.2), and Elevator Lobby Exit Access Door Assemblies Locking (7.2.1.6.3).
- For Residential Board and Care, the requirements apply to doors which are required to swing in the direction of egress – typically doors serving areas with an occupant load of 50 or more, and doors used in an exit enclosure.
Inspecting doors in these locations helps to ensure that the doors used most frequently and are more prone to wear and tear are operating properly. Similar to the NFPA 80 standards for fire door inspections, door assemblies must be visually inspected from both sides of the opening to assess the condition. Functional testing must be performed by individuals who can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the type of doors subject to testing. A written record must be signed and kept for review by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, this documentation providing an enforcement tool to ensure that the inspections are done properly. Any deficiencies noted during the inspection must be repaired or replaced “without delay.” There is a set of guidelines in NFPA 80 for a written performance-based program which allows the inspection period to exceed 12 months, and this can also be applied to egress doors.
From the 2012 edition of NFPA 101:
7.2.1.15.7 As a minimum, the following items shall be verified:
1. Floor space on both sides of the openings is clear of obstructions, and door leaves open fully and close freely.
2. Forces required to set door leaves in motion and move to the fully open position do not exceed the requirements in 7.2.1.4.5.
3. Latching and locking devices comply with 7.2.1.5.
4. Releasing hardware devices are installed in accordance with 7.2.1.5.10.1.
5. Door leaves of paired openings are installed in accordance with 7.2.1.5.11.
6. Door closers are adjusted properly to control the closing speed of door leaves in accordance with accessibility requirements.
7. Projection of door leaves into the path of egress does not exceed the encroachment permitted by 7.2.1.4.3.
8. Powered door openings operate in accordance with 7.2.1.9.
9. Signage required by 7.2.1.4.1(3), 7.2.1.5.5, 7.2.1.6, and 7.2.1.9 is intact and legible.
10. Door openings with special locking arrangements function in accordance with 7.2.1.6
11. Security devices that impede egress are not installed on openings, as required by 7.2.1.5.12.
The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require annual inspections for additional doors if he or she determines that there is a hazard to building occupants. Annual inspections of fire doors, egress doors, and smoke doors will help to ensure that they perform as designed, tested, and required by code. Even if the annual inspection requirements are not being enforced in your jurisdiction, each building owner or property manager is required to maintain their fire doors, egress doors, and smoke doors in proper operating condition.
Note: NFPA 101 requires all exit facilities, including stairways and doors, in Educational and Day Care occupancies to be inspected daily by principals, teachers, or staff to ensure that they are in proper condition. This is not the same type of inspection required to be performed and documented annually, but with knowledgeable staff, this practice could go a long way toward code-compliant egress doors. Annex A specifically mentions that attention should be given to keeping egress doors unlocked, and avoiding non-compliant hold-open devices on fire doors.
This post was originally created on February 6, 2014, and printed in the April 2014 issue of Doors & Hardware magazine.
You need to login or register to bookmark/favorite this content.
Well written, Lori, thanks! I’m an architect who primarily designs high education buildings. To better help my clients, how do you define “knowledgeable staff?”
Good question! For the annual inspections there is a more definitive definition, but the way I used the term in the article with regard to the daily inspections I meant school staff members who understand the most basic requirements – egress doors can’t be locked or blocked, fire doors can’t be wedged open, when something breaks you have to fix it. This would not be hard for staff to understand…the question is how to get them the information. Any ideas?
I was thinking more about the annual inspections and who would perform those. I mean, is the same guy who changes the locks knowledgeable enough to perform those annual inspections? Will he being willing to prepare and sign the report? I imagine some colleges and universities will be looking to companies like yours to perform these inspections rather than tasking their own staff to do it!
In terms of the daily inspections, and now I’m thinking of the public schools my children attend, it seems there should be an assistant principal or resource officer in addition to the maintenance/custodial staff that could quickly be educated with what to look for. I suppose in new construction, some guidelines could be included in the O&M Manuals?
In many cases, the person responsible for maintaining the hardware is not familiar enough with the code requirements to do the annual inspections. Of course, there are exceptions to that. There are a couple of training programs available for people who are interested in doing inspections – I’ve often thought about sending my husband to fire door inspection school. 🙂
For the daily inspections, it would be nice if all of the teachers were aware of a few things to watch for. Whether it’s a couple of people per school who need to be educated or everyone, I still don’t know how to get that information to them. I think within the next year or two we will see a national standard for school safety / security. Hopefully some basic fire and egress information could be incorporated into that.
Is a special tester needed to measure the forces needed to open a door? (7.2.1.4.5)
Hi Richard –
There are several tools available for this. I use the Wagner FDK-20. There’s no requirement for which type to use…it just depends on how accurate you want the measurement to be.
http://www.wagnerinstruments.com/force_gauges/fdk_mechanical_dial_force_gauge.php
– Lori
Thanks Lori. I’ll check that gauge out.